{
  "$schema": "https://iarpg.com/world-context-profile.schema.json",
  "id": "https://iarpg.com/world-context/entities/nepal.json",
  "release": "IARPG-OPS-2",
  "version": "2.0.22-wip",
  "status": "work-in-progress-archival-context-profile",
  "updated_utc": "2026-07-23T04:49:00Z",
  "truth_boundary": "This publication is a curated archival snapshot derived from the supplied 2025 Factbook CSV. It is not a live country feed, geopolitical assessment, legal authority, current office-holder directory, ranking system, risk score, intelligence product, or substitute for locally authored and current primary sources. Individual fields use different estimate years, and the source-code column is preserved as source metadata rather than treated as unique ISO 3166-1 authority.",
  "profile": {
    "entity_id": "nepal",
    "name": "Nepal",
    "source_code": "NP",
    "source_entity_class": "country-roadmap",
    "source_region": "Asia",
    "roadmap_country": "Nepal",
    "coverage_region": "Asia",
    "roadmap_status": "matched",
    "profile_status": "archival-context-not-current-assessment",
    "source_row_count": 148,
    "published_fact_count": 50,
    "available_lenses": [
      "place",
      "people",
      "institutions",
      "economy",
      "infrastructure",
      "environment"
    ],
    "summary": {
      "population": 31334402.0,
      "area_sq_km": 147181.0,
      "capital": "Kathmandu",
      "government_type": "federal parliamentary republic",
      "life_expectancy_years": 73.0,
      "urban_population_percent": 21.9,
      "internet_users_percent": 56.00000000000001,
      "electricity_access_percent": 91.3,
      "gdp_per_capita_usd": 5000.0,
      "gdp_per_capita_estimate_year": 2024,
      "landlocked": true
    },
    "facts": {
      "background": {
        "id": "background",
        "label": "Background",
        "category": "Introduction",
        "lens": "place",
        "content": "During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the principality of Gorkha united many of the other principalities and states of the sub-Himalayan region into a Nepali Kingdom. Nepal retained its independence after the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814-16, and the subsequent peace treaty laid the foundations for two centuries of amicable relations between Britain and Nepal. In 1951, the Nepali monarch ended the century-old system of hereditary rule and instituted a cabinet system that brought political parties into the government. That arrangement lasted until 1960, when political parties were again banned, but it was reinstated in 1990 with the establishment of a multiparty democracy within the framework of a constitutional monarchy. | A Maoist-led insurgency broke out in 1996. During the ensuing 10-year civil war between Maoist and government forces, the monarchy dissolved the cabinet and parliament. In 2001, Crown Prince DIPENDRA first massacred the royal family and then shot himself. His uncle GYANENDRA became king, and the monarchy reassumed absolute power the next year. A peace accord in 2006 led to the promulgation of an interim constitution in 2007. After a nationwide Constituent Assembly (CA) election in 2008, the newly formed CA declared Nepal a federal democratic republic, abolished the monarchy, and elected the country's first president. | When the CA failed to draft a Supreme Court-mandated constitution, then-Prime Minister Baburam BHATTARAI dissolved the CA. An interim government held elections in 2013, in which the Nepali Congress (NC) won the largest share of seats. In 2014, NC formed a coalition government with the second-place Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist-Leninist (UML). Nepal's new constitution came into effect in 2015, at which point the CA became the Parliament and Khagda Prasad Sharma OLI the first post-constitution prime minister (2015-16). He resigned ahead of a no-confidence motion, and Parliament elected Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist (CPN-M) leader Pushpa Kamal DAHAL as prime minister. | The parties headed by OLI and DAHAL ran in coalition and swept the parliamentary elections in 2017, and OLI was sworn in as prime minister in 2018. OLI's efforts to dissolve parliament and hold elections were declared unconstitutional in 2021, and the opposition-supported NC leader Sher Bahadur DEUBA was named prime minister. The NC won a majority of seats in the parliamentary elections in 2022, but DAHAL then broke with the ruling coalition and partnered with OLI and the CPN-UML to become prime minister. DAHAL's first cabinet lasted about two months, until OLI withdrew his support over disagreements about ministerial assignments. In early 2023, DAHAL survived a vote of confidence and formed a coalition with the NC to remain prime minister.",
        "display": "During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the principality of Gorkha united many of the other principalities and states of the sub-Himalayan region into a Nepali Kingdom. Nep…",
        "source_field": "Background",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": 1951
      },
      "location": {
        "id": "location",
        "label": "Location",
        "category": "Geography",
        "lens": "place",
        "content": "Southern Asia, between China and India",
        "display": "Southern Asia, between China and India",
        "source_field": "Location",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": null
      },
      "map_reference": {
        "id": "map_reference",
        "label": "Map references",
        "category": "Geography",
        "lens": "place",
        "content": "Asia",
        "display": "Asia",
        "source_field": "Map references",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": null
      },
      "area": {
        "id": "area",
        "label": "Area",
        "category": "Geography",
        "lens": "place",
        "content": "total : 147,181 sq km | land: 143,351 sq km | water: 3,830 sq km",
        "display": "total : 147,181 sq km",
        "source_field": "Area",
        "value": 147181.0,
        "estimate_year": null
      },
      "coastline": {
        "id": "coastline",
        "label": "Coastline",
        "category": "Geography",
        "lens": "place",
        "content": "0 km (landlocked)",
        "display": "0 km (landlocked)",
        "source_field": "Coastline",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": null
      },
      "terrain": {
        "id": "terrain",
        "label": "Terrain",
        "category": "Geography",
        "lens": "place",
        "content": "Tarai or flat river plain of the Ganges in south; central hill region with rugged Himalayas in north",
        "display": "Tarai or flat river plain of the Ganges in south; central hill region with rugged Himalayas in north",
        "source_field": "Terrain",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": null
      },
      "climate": {
        "id": "climate",
        "label": "Climate",
        "category": "Geography",
        "lens": "place",
        "content": "varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south",
        "display": "varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south",
        "source_field": "Climate",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": null
      },
      "elevation": {
        "id": "elevation",
        "label": "Elevation",
        "category": "Geography",
        "lens": "place",
        "content": "highest point: Mount Everest (highest peak in Asia and highest point on earth above sea level) 8,849 m | lowest point: Kanchan Kalan 70 m | mean elevation: 2,565 m",
        "display": "highest point: Mount Everest (highest peak in Asia and highest point on earth above sea level) 8,849 m",
        "source_field": "Elevation",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": null
      },
      "natural_hazards": {
        "id": "natural_hazards",
        "label": "Natural hazards",
        "category": "Geography",
        "lens": "place",
        "content": "severe thunderstorms; flooding; landslides; drought and famine depending on the timing, intensity, and duration of the summer monsoons",
        "display": "severe thunderstorms; flooding; landslides; drought and famine depending on the timing, intensity, and duration of the summer monsoons",
        "source_field": "Natural hazards",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": null
      },
      "natural_resources": {
        "id": "natural_resources",
        "label": "Natural resources",
        "category": "Geography",
        "lens": "place",
        "content": "quartz, water, timber, hydropower, scenic beauty, small deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore",
        "display": "quartz, water, timber, hydropower, scenic beauty, small deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore",
        "source_field": "Natural resources",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": null
      },
      "population_distribution": {
        "id": "population_distribution",
        "label": "Population distribution",
        "category": "Geography",
        "lens": "place",
        "content": "most of the population is divided nearly equally between a concentration in the southern-most plains of the Tarai region and the central hilly region; overall density is low",
        "display": "most of the population is divided nearly equally between a concentration in the southern-most plains of the Tarai region and the central hilly region; overall density is low",
        "source_field": "Population distribution",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": null
      },
      "population": {
        "id": "population",
        "label": "Population",
        "category": "People and Society",
        "lens": "people",
        "content": "total: 31,334,402 (2025 est.) | male: 15,352,706 | female: 15,981,696",
        "display": "total: 31,334,402 (2025 est.)",
        "source_field": "Population",
        "value": 31334402.0,
        "estimate_year": 2025
      },
      "population_growth": {
        "id": "population_growth",
        "label": "Population growth rate",
        "category": "People and Society",
        "lens": "people",
        "content": "0.66% (2025 est.)",
        "display": "0.66% (2025 est.)",
        "source_field": "Population growth rate",
        "value": 0.0066,
        "estimate_year": 2025
      },
      "urbanization": {
        "id": "urbanization",
        "label": "Urbanization",
        "category": "People and Society",
        "lens": "people",
        "content": "urban population: 21.9% of total population (2023) | rate of urbanization: 3.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)",
        "display": "urban population: 21.9% of total population (2023)",
        "source_field": "Urbanization",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": 2023
      },
      "languages": {
        "id": "languages",
        "label": "Languages",
        "category": "People and Society",
        "lens": "people",
        "content": "Nepali (official) 44.9%, Maithali 11.1%, Bhojpuri 6.2%, Tharu 5.9%, Tamang 4.9%, Bajjika 3.9%, Avadhi 3%, Nepalbhasha (Newari) 3%, Magar Dhut 2.8%, Doteli 1.7%, Urdu 1.4%, Yakthung/Limbu 1.2%, Gurung 1.1%, other 8.9% (2021 est.) | major-language sample(s): | विश्व तथ्य पुस्तक,आधारभूत जानकारीको लागि अपरिहार्य स्रोत (Nepali) | The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. | note: 123 languages reported as mother tongue in 2021 national census; many in government and business also speak English",
        "display": "Nepali (official) 44.9%, Maithali 11.1%, Bhojpuri 6.2%, Tharu 5.9%, Tamang 4.9%, Bajjika 3.9%, Avadhi 3%, Nepalbhasha (Newari) 3%, Magar Dhut 2.8%, Doteli 1.7%, Urdu 1.4%, Yakthun…",
        "source_field": "Languages",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": 2021
      },
      "religions": {
        "id": "religions",
        "label": "Religions",
        "category": "People and Society",
        "lens": "people",
        "content": "Hindu 81.2%, Buddhist 8.2%, Muslim 5.1%, Kirat 3.2%, Christian 1.8%; less than 1%: Prakriti, Bon, Jains, Sikh (2021 est.)",
        "display": "Hindu 81.2%, Buddhist 8.2%, Muslim 5.1%, Kirat 3.2%, Christian 1.8%; less than 1%: Prakriti, Bon, Jains, Sikh (2021 est.)",
        "source_field": "Religions",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": 2021
      },
      "life_expectancy": {
        "id": "life_expectancy",
        "label": "Life expectancy at birth",
        "category": "People and Society",
        "lens": "people",
        "content": "total population: 73 years (2024 est.) | male: 72.2 years | female: 73.7 years",
        "display": "total population: 73 years (2024 est.)",
        "source_field": "Life expectancy at birth",
        "value": 73.0,
        "estimate_year": 2024
      },
      "median_age": {
        "id": "median_age",
        "label": "Median age",
        "category": "People and Society",
        "lens": "people",
        "content": "total: 28.1 years (2025 est.) | male: 26.5 years | female: 28.6 years",
        "display": "total: 28.1 years (2025 est.)",
        "source_field": "Median age",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": 2025
      },
      "major_urban_areas": {
        "id": "major_urban_areas",
        "label": "Major urban areas - population",
        "category": "People and Society",
        "lens": "people",
        "content": "1.571 million KATHMANDU (capital) (2023)",
        "display": "1.571 million KATHMANDU (capital) (2023)",
        "source_field": "Major urban areas - population",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": 2023
      },
      "literacy": {
        "id": "literacy",
        "label": "Literacy",
        "category": "People and Society",
        "lens": "people",
        "content": "total population: 68.7% (2019 est.) | male: 79.8% (2019 est.) | female: 59.4% (2019 est.)",
        "display": "total population: 68.7% (2019 est.)",
        "source_field": "Literacy",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": 2019
      },
      "school_life_expectancy": {
        "id": "school_life_expectancy",
        "label": "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)",
        "category": "People and Society",
        "lens": "people",
        "content": "total: 14 years (2023 est.) | male: 14 years (2023 est.) | female: 14 years (2023 est.)",
        "display": "total: 14 years (2023 est.)",
        "source_field": "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": 2023
      },
      "country_name": {
        "id": "country_name",
        "label": "Country name",
        "category": "Government",
        "lens": "institutions",
        "content": "conventional long form: none | conventional short form: Nepal | local long form: none | local short form: Nepal | etymology: the name probably comes from the Sanskrit term nepala , from the words for \"fly down\" and \"house,\" which would refer to the villages at the base of the mountains",
        "display": "conventional long form: none",
        "source_field": "Country name",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": null
      },
      "capital": {
        "id": "capital",
        "label": "Capital",
        "category": "Government",
        "lens": "institutions",
        "content": "name: Kathmandu | geographic coordinates: 27 43 N, 85 19 E | time difference: UTC+5.75 (10.75 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) | etymology: the name comes from the Nepalese words kath (wooden) and mandu (temple), referring to the local temples that are often still built from wood",
        "display": "name: Kathmandu",
        "source_field": "Capital",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": null
      },
      "government_type": {
        "id": "government_type",
        "label": "Government type",
        "category": "Government",
        "lens": "institutions",
        "content": "federal parliamentary republic",
        "display": "federal parliamentary republic",
        "source_field": "Government type",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": null
      },
      "legal_system": {
        "id": "legal_system",
        "label": "Legal system",
        "category": "Government",
        "lens": "institutions",
        "content": "English common law and Hindu legal concepts",
        "display": "English common law and Hindu legal concepts",
        "source_field": "Legal system",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": null
      },
      "constitution": {
        "id": "constitution",
        "label": "Constitution",
        "category": "Government",
        "lens": "institutions",
        "content": "history: several previous; latest approved by the Second Constituent Assembly 16 September 2015, signed by the president and effective 20 September 2015 | amendment process: proposed as a bill by either house of the Federal Parliament; bills affecting a state border or powers delegated to a state must be submitted to the affected state assembly; passage of such bills requires a majority vote of that state assembly membership; bills not requiring state assembly consent require at least two-thirds majority vote by the membership of both houses of the Federal Parliament; parts of the constitution on the sovereignty, territorial integrity, independence, and sovereignty vested in the people cannot be amended",
        "display": "history: several previous; latest approved by the Second Constituent Assembly 16 September 2015, signed by the president and effective 20 September 2015",
        "source_field": "Constitution",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": 2015
      },
      "administrative_divisions": {
        "id": "administrative_divisions",
        "label": "Administrative divisions",
        "category": "Government",
        "lens": "institutions",
        "content": "7 provinces ( pradesh , singular - pradesh ); Bagmati, Gandaki, Karnali, Koshi, Lumbini, Madhesh, Sudurpashchim",
        "display": "7 provinces ( pradesh , singular - pradesh ); Bagmati, Gandaki, Karnali, Koshi, Lumbini, Madhesh, Sudurpashchim",
        "source_field": "Administrative divisions",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": null
      },
      "international_organizations": {
        "id": "international_organizations",
        "label": "International organization participation",
        "category": "Government",
        "lens": "institutions",
        "content": "ADB, BIMSTEC, CD, CP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNSOM, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO",
        "display": "ADB, BIMSTEC, CD, CP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MIN…",
        "source_field": "International organization participation",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": null
      },
      "economic_overview": {
        "id": "economic_overview",
        "label": "Economic overview",
        "category": "Economy",
        "lens": "economy",
        "content": "low-income South Asian economy; post-conflict fiscal federalism increasing stability; COVID-19 hurt trade and tourism; widening current account deficits; environmentally fragile economy from earthquakes; growing Chinese relations and investments",
        "display": "low-income South Asian economy; post-conflict fiscal federalism increasing stability; COVID-19 hurt trade and tourism; widening current account deficits; environmentally fragile e…",
        "source_field": "Economic overview",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": null
      },
      "gdp_ppp": {
        "id": "gdp_ppp",
        "label": "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)",
        "category": "Economy",
        "lens": "economy",
        "content": "$149.643 billion (2024 est.) | $144.352 billion (2023 est.) | $141.546 billion (2022 est.) | note: data in 2021 dollars",
        "display": "$149.643 billion (2024 est.)",
        "source_field": "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)",
        "value": 149.643,
        "estimate_year": 2024
      },
      "gdp_per_capita": {
        "id": "gdp_per_capita",
        "label": "Real GDP per capita",
        "category": "Economy",
        "lens": "economy",
        "content": "$5,000 (2024 est.) | $4,900 (2023 est.) | $4,800 (2022 est.) | note: data in 2021 dollars",
        "display": "$5,000 (2024 est.)",
        "source_field": "Real GDP per capita",
        "value": 5000.0,
        "estimate_year": 2024
      },
      "gdp_growth": {
        "id": "gdp_growth",
        "label": "Real GDP growth rate",
        "category": "Economy",
        "lens": "economy",
        "content": "3.7% (2024 est.) | 2% (2023 est.) | 5.6% (2022 est.) | note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency",
        "display": "3.7% (2024 est.)",
        "source_field": "Real GDP growth rate",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": 2024
      },
      "inflation": {
        "id": "inflation",
        "label": "Inflation rate (consumer prices)",
        "category": "Economy",
        "lens": "economy",
        "content": "7.1% (2023 est.) | 7.7% (2022 est.) | 4.1% (2021 est.) | note: annual % change based on consumer prices",
        "display": "7.1% (2023 est.)",
        "source_field": "Inflation rate (consumer prices)",
        "value": 0.071,
        "estimate_year": 2023
      },
      "unemployment": {
        "id": "unemployment",
        "label": "Unemployment rate",
        "category": "Economy",
        "lens": "economy",
        "content": "10.8% (2024 est.) | 10.7% (2023 est.) | 10.9% (2022 est.) | note: % of labor force seeking employment",
        "display": "10.8% (2024 est.)",
        "source_field": "Unemployment rate",
        "value": 0.10800000000000001,
        "estimate_year": 2024
      },
      "industries": {
        "id": "industries",
        "label": "Industries",
        "category": "Economy",
        "lens": "economy",
        "content": "tourism, carpets, textiles, small rice, jute, sugar, oilseed mills, cigarettes, cement and brick production",
        "display": "tourism, carpets, textiles, small rice, jute, sugar, oilseed mills, cigarettes, cement and brick production",
        "source_field": "Industries",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": null
      },
      "agricultural_products": {
        "id": "agricultural_products",
        "label": "Agricultural products",
        "category": "Economy",
        "lens": "economy",
        "content": "rice, vegetables, potatoes, sugarcane, maize, wheat, bison milk, milk, mangoes/guavas, bananas (2023) | note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage",
        "display": "rice, vegetables, potatoes, sugarcane, maize, wheat, bison milk, milk, mangoes/guavas, bananas (2023)",
        "source_field": "Agricultural products",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": 2023
      },
      "exports_commodities": {
        "id": "exports_commodities",
        "label": "Exports - commodities",
        "category": "Economy",
        "lens": "economy",
        "content": "knotted carpets, garments, flat-rolled iron, synthetic fibers, palm oil (2023) | note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars",
        "display": "knotted carpets, garments, flat-rolled iron, synthetic fibers, palm oil (2023)",
        "source_field": "Exports - commodities",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": 2023
      },
      "imports_commodities": {
        "id": "imports_commodities",
        "label": "Imports - commodities",
        "category": "Economy",
        "lens": "economy",
        "content": "refined petroleum, natural gas, garments, iron reductions, broadcasting equipment (2023) | note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars",
        "display": "refined petroleum, natural gas, garments, iron reductions, broadcasting equipment (2023)",
        "source_field": "Imports - commodities",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": 2023
      },
      "internet_users": {
        "id": "internet_users",
        "label": "Internet users",
        "category": "Communications",
        "lens": "infrastructure",
        "content": "percent of population: 56% (2023 est.)",
        "display": "percent of population: 56% (2023 est.)",
        "source_field": "Internet users",
        "value": 0.56,
        "estimate_year": 2023
      },
      "fixed_broadband": {
        "id": "fixed_broadband",
        "label": "Broadband - fixed subscriptions",
        "category": "Communications",
        "lens": "infrastructure",
        "content": "total: 1.44 million (2022 est.) | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 5 (2022 est.)",
        "display": "total: 1.44 million (2022 est.)",
        "source_field": "Broadband - fixed subscriptions",
        "value": 1440000.0,
        "estimate_year": 2022
      },
      "electricity_access": {
        "id": "electricity_access",
        "label": "Electricity access",
        "category": "Energy",
        "lens": "infrastructure",
        "content": "electrification - total population: 91.3% (2022 est.) | electrification - urban areas: 97.7% | electrification - rural areas: 93.7%",
        "display": "electrification - total population: 91.3% (2022 est.)",
        "source_field": "Electricity access",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": 2022
      },
      "electricity_sources": {
        "id": "electricity_sources",
        "label": "Electricity generation sources",
        "category": "Energy",
        "lens": "infrastructure",
        "content": "solar: 1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) | wind: 0.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) | hydroelectricity: 99% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)",
        "display": "solar: 1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)",
        "source_field": "Electricity generation sources",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": 2023
      },
      "energy_per_capita": {
        "id": "energy_per_capita",
        "label": "Energy consumption per capita",
        "category": "Energy",
        "lens": "infrastructure",
        "content": "6.604 million Btu/person (2023 est.)",
        "display": "6.604 million Btu/person (2023 est.)",
        "source_field": "Energy consumption per capita",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": 2023
      },
      "airports": {
        "id": "airports",
        "label": "Airports",
        "category": "Transportation",
        "lens": "infrastructure",
        "content": "51 (2025)",
        "display": "51 (2025)",
        "source_field": "Airports",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": 2025
      },
      "railways": {
        "id": "railways",
        "label": "Railways",
        "category": "Transportation",
        "lens": "infrastructure",
        "content": "total: 59 km (2018) | narrow gauge: 59 km (2018) 0.762-m gauge",
        "display": "total: 59 km (2018)",
        "source_field": "Railways",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": 2018
      },
      "environmental_issues": {
        "id": "environmental_issues",
        "label": "Environmental issues",
        "category": "Environment",
        "lens": "environment",
        "content": "deforestation (overuse of wood for fuel and lack of alternatives); forest degradation; soil erosion; contaminated water from human and animal wastes, agricultural runoff, and industrial effluents; unmanaged solid waste; wildlife conservation; air pollution from vehicular emissions",
        "display": "deforestation (overuse of wood for fuel and lack of alternatives); forest degradation; soil erosion; contaminated water from human and animal wastes, agricultural runoff, and indu…",
        "source_field": "Environmental issues",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": null
      },
      "co2_emissions": {
        "id": "co2_emissions",
        "label": "Carbon dioxide emissions",
        "category": "Environment",
        "lens": "environment",
        "content": "11.357 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) | from coal and metallurgical coke: 2.025 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) | from petroleum and other liquids: 9.332 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)",
        "display": "11.357 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)",
        "source_field": "Carbon dioxide emissions",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": 2023
      },
      "renewable_water": {
        "id": "renewable_water",
        "label": "Total renewable water resources",
        "category": "Environment",
        "lens": "environment",
        "content": "210.2 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)",
        "display": "210.2 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)",
        "source_field": "Total renewable water resources",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": 2022
      },
      "water_withdrawal": {
        "id": "water_withdrawal",
        "label": "Total water withdrawal",
        "category": "Environment",
        "lens": "environment",
        "content": "municipal: 147.6 million cubic meters (2022 est.) | industrial: 29.5 million cubic meters (2022 est.) | agricultural: 9.32 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)",
        "display": "municipal: 147.6 million cubic meters (2022 est.)",
        "source_field": "Total water withdrawal",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": 2022
      },
      "environmental_agreements": {
        "id": "environmental_agreements",
        "label": "International environmental agreements",
        "category": "Environment",
        "lens": "environment",
        "content": "party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands | signed, but not ratified: Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Marine Life Conservation",
        "display": "party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nucle…",
        "source_field": "International environmental agreements",
        "value": null,
        "estimate_year": null
      }
    },
    "profile_url": "/world-context/entities/nepal.json"
  }
}